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The American railroad magnate John Work Garrett made the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad a major line and dominated its affairs for almost 30 years. John W. Garrett was born in Baltimore, Md. After some college work he joined his father's mercantile firm. During the s the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad extended its tracks westward and in reached Wheeling, Va.

When this process created financial difficulties, a stockholders' committee was convened. Garrett's impressive analysis as a member of the committee resulted in his election as president of the railroad in Garrett's railroad was a fundamental factor in the eventual Union triumph in the Civil War , because it straddled both Union and Confederacy territories and connected Washington, D.

The railroad profited enormously from the wartime increase in its volume of freight and passengers. Garrett's major effort after the war was aimed at linking Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and New York by rail, thereby making the Baltimore and Ohio one of the four leading railroads serving the most vital, industrialized section of the country.

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He succeeded. Although in the process he employed some dubious competitive practices, his actions were probably not as reprehensible as those of his worst competitors. A severe and prolonged depression began in , and there was intensified pressure to reduce costs. Labor costs in this essentially nonunion era were the most vulnerable to downward pressure, so Garrett tried cutting wages rather than dividends , simultaneously increasing the amount of work expected from his laborers.

In response, the workers struck.